François-Xavier Lalanne

Galerie Mitterand, Paris

Acquired from the above by the present owners, 2003

John Russell, Les Lalanne, Paris, 1975, pp. 48-50

Les Lalanne, exh. cat., Galerie Christian Fayt Art, Knokke-Heist, 1984, cover and p. 5

Robert Rosenblum, Les Lalanne, Geneva, 1991, p. 53

Daniel Marchesseau, Les Lalanne, Paris, 1998, pp. 22-23

Daniel Abadie, Lalanne(s), Paris, 2008, pp. 116, 118-123, 300-301

Les Lalanne, exh. cat., Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, 2010, pp. 54, 55, 60-61.

Adrian Danatt, François-Xavier et Claude Lalanne: In the Domain of Dreams, New York 2018, pp. 66-67, 81-83, 197

François-Xavier Lalanne, working in close collaboration with his wife Claude, reshaped the boundaries of sculpture and design in the 20th century. Among his most emblematic and intellectually ambitious works is the Rhinocrétaire—a monumental bronze rhinoceros that opens to reveal a fully functional writing desk. At once fantastical and deliberate, it stands as a defining expression of Lalanne’s belief that beauty and function, imagination and practicality, can all live together symbiotically in his artistic creations.   

The rhinoceros has long captivated the artistic imagination. In creating the Rhinocrétaire, François-Xavier joined a storied lineage of artists who had explored the symbolic and visual potency of this mysterious animal, from prehistoric cave painters to Albrecht Dürer and Salvador Dalí. Dürer’s famed 1515 woodcut The Rhinoceros, though anatomically inaccurate, became a lasting icon of the creature in the European imagination. Its scaly skin and armor-like plating—entirely invented by the artist—were so influential that, as Umberto Eco noted in A Theory of Semiotics, they became conventional graphic signs, necessary for the creature to be visually understood.

Lalanne’s rhinoceros seems to pay direct homage to this tradition. Its surface, hammered in gold patinated bronze, bears the segmented, stylized detailing that recalls Dürer’s engravings. In doing so, Lalanne both acknowledges this art-historical precedent and extends it, transforming an imagined creature from centuries past into a sculptural object of modern function. As poet and critic John Ashbery observed after seeing Rhinocrétaire I at Galerie J. in 1964: “Both Dalí and Ionesco were fascinated by [the rhino’s] symbolic potential, and now a sculptor, François Lalanne, has created an almost life-size one in sheet metal, which dominates the group exhibition at Galerie J.” He made no mistake when he concluded in his review of Zoophites for the New York Herald Tribune: “The rhinoceros is becoming an avant-garde animal.”

But Lalanne's Rhinocrétaire is more than art-historical reference. It exemplifies the artist's broader vision of transformation. Known for turning animals into functional objects—sheep into seating, birds into basins—here he elevates the concept further. This is not simply whimsy, but a deeply considered perspective on containment and duality. The rhinoceros, strong and enigmatic on the outside, conceals a quiet, intimate interior designed for writing—a metaphor for the creative mind itself: armored, intuitive, and full of hidden depth.

In resisting the industrial minimalism that dominated much of his era, Lalanne embraced slow, exacting craftsmanship. Every curve, hinge, and joint in the Rhinocrétaire is a testament to his commitment to the handmade. The richly textured surfaces and intricate mechanics echo an artisanal sensibility rooted in the tactile and timeless—qualities that elevate this piece to enduring sculpture.

First unveiled at Galerie J. during the seminal 1964 exhibition Zoophites, the Rhinocrétaire immediately drew attention for its radical merger of surrealism and function. In the broader context of 20th-century art and design, it represented a departure from modernist austerity. Lalanne reintroduced narrative, sensuality, and poetic metaphor into the world of objects—insisting that furniture could be sculptural, and that sculpture could live and work alongside us.

Lalanne's repertoire celebrating the rhinoceros - from intimately-scaled table-top bars to monolithic sculptural works as the one presently offered - have emerged as one of the artist's great emblematic icons. His endearing expressions of the subject resonate across audiences and invite surprise, wonderment, and delight.

Ultimately, the Rhinocrétaire embodies a provocative vision in which function and fantasy, intellect and instinct, coexist in harmonious tension. It is both a homage to an artistic history and a radical rethinking of what an object can be. In transforming an animal into a desk, François-Xavier Lalanne crafted not just a work of sculpture, but a philosophy—one where everyday life is infused with imagination, where beauty has utility, and where art is something to be lived with, not merely looked at.